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Disallow: /science/ppv-supp/
Disallow: /science/gs/
Disallow: /science/dc/
Disallow: /science/frag/
Disallow: *?np=y
Disallow: /refmodsrp/suggestedTopics/*
Disallow: /related-books/*
Disallow: /search?*
Disallow: /search/api*
Disallow: /search/autosuggest*
Disallow: /sdfe/export/
Disallow: /sdfe/arp/
Disallow: /sdfe/ears/
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/index/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/file/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/aam/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/am4ir/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/reader/pii/*
Disallow: /user/
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/latest?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/articles-in-press?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research?u=
Disallow: /compare
Disallow: /getaccess/*
Disallow: /feature/*
Disallow: /questions-and-answers/*

User-agent: Deepseek
Disallow: /

User-agent: Google-Agent
Disallow: /

User-agent: webzio
Disallow: /

Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/sitemap-topics.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/handbook/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/browse/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/author/sitemap.xml

Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-1.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-2.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-3.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-4.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-5.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-6.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-7.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-8.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-9.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-10.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-11.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-12.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-13.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-14.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-15.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-16.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-17.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-18.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-19.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-20.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-21.xml

Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/journal/sitemap-0.xml


# --- Last updated: May 2026 ---

User-agent: *
Disallow: /

# =============================================================================
# SEARCH ENGINE CRAWLERS
# =============================================================================

# --- Googlebot (Google Search) ---
User-agent: Googlebot
Disallow: /cache/MiamiImageURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ShoppingCartURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=EmailFriendURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/advertisement/
Disallow: /science/relLink/ajaxReq?*
Disallow: /science/gadgets/render/
Disallow: /science/spliss/rslts/
Disallow: /science/preview/
Disallow: /science/mlkt/rslts/
Disallow: /science/referenceResolution/ajaxRefResol?*
Disallow: /science/outlineJson/
Disallow: /science/toc/
Disallow: /science/bktoc/
Disallow: /science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MathURL*
Disallow: /science/page/flash/VideoPlayer*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkIndexURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RSSURL*
Disallow: /science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiMultiMediaURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ReminderURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TitleSrchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchListURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TopicAlertURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkSubjClassURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkTocURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=SuggestedArtURL*
Disallow: /science/downloadActions/
Disallow: */epub
Disallow: */pdfft*
Disallow: */article/eid/*
Disallow: */science/ereader/
Disallow: */science/fabrication/
Disallow: /science/ppv-pdf/
Disallow: /science/ppv-supp/
Disallow: /science/gs/
Disallow: /science/dc/
Disallow: /science/frag/
Disallow: *?np=y
Disallow: /refmodsrp/suggestedTopics/*
Disallow: /related-books/*
Disallow: /search?*
Disallow: /search/api*
Disallow: /search/autosuggest*
Disallow: /sdfe/export/
Disallow: /sdfe/arp/
Disallow: /sdfe/ears/
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/index/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/file/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/aam/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/am4ir/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/reader/pii/*
Disallow: /user/
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/latest?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/articles-in-press?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research?u=
Disallow: /compare
Disallow: /getaccess/*
Disallow: /feature/*
Disallow: /questions-and-answers/*

# --- Googlebot-IA (Google Scholar) + bingbot (Bing Search) ---
# Grouped because they share identical rules; Googlebot-IA is Google Scholar's
# academic crawler, bingbot is Microsoft Bing's general search crawler.
User-agent: Googlebot-IA
User-agent: bingbot
Disallow: /cache/MiamiImageURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ShoppingCartURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=EmailFriendURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/advertisement/
Disallow: /science/relLink/ajaxReq?*
Disallow: /science/gadgets/render/
Disallow: /science/spliss/rslts/
Disallow: /science/preview/
Disallow: /science/mlkt/rslts/
Disallow: /science/referenceResolution/ajaxRefResol?*
Disallow: /science/outlineJson/
Disallow: /science/toc/
Disallow: /science/bktoc/
Disallow: /science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MathURL*
Disallow: /science/page/flash/VideoPlayer*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkIndexURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RSSURL*
Disallow: /science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiMultiMediaURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ReminderURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TitleSrchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchListURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TopicAlertURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkSubjClassURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkTocURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=SuggestedArtURL*
Disallow: /science/downloadActions/
Disallow: */epub
Disallow: */pdfft*
Disallow: */article/eid/*
Disallow: */science/ereader/
Disallow: */science/fabrication/
Disallow: */pdf*
Disallow: /science/ppv-pdf/
Disallow: /science/ppv-supp/
Disallow: /science/gs/
Disallow: /science/dc/
Disallow: /science/frag/
Disallow: *?np=y
Disallow: /refmodsrp/suggestedTopics/*
Disallow: /related-books/*
Disallow: /search?*
Disallow: /search/api*
Disallow: /search/autosuggest*
Disallow: /sdfe/export/
Disallow: /sdfe/arp/
Disallow: /sdfe/ears/
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/index/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/file/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/aam/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/am4ir/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/reader/pii/*
Disallow: /user/
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/latest?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/articles-in-press?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research?u=
Disallow: /compare
Disallow: /getaccess/*
Disallow: /feature/*
Disallow: /questions-and-answers/*

# --- Slurp (Yahoo Search — largely inactive, Yahoo now uses Bing's index) ---
User-agent: Slurp
Disallow: /cache/MiamiImageURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ShoppingCartURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=EmailFriendURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/advertisement/
Disallow: /science/relLink/ajaxReq?*
Disallow: /science/gadgets/render/
Disallow: /science/spliss/rslts/
Disallow: /science/preview/
Disallow: /science/mlkt/rslts/
Disallow: /science/referenceResolution/ajaxRefResol?*
Disallow: /science/outlineJson/
Disallow: /science/toc/
Disallow: /science/bktoc/
Disallow: /science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MathURL*
Disallow: /science/page/flash/VideoPlayer*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkIndexURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RSSURL*
Disallow: /science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiMultiMediaURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ReminderURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TitleSrchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchListURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TopicAlertURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkSubjClassURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkTocURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=SuggestedArtURL*
Disallow: /science/downloadActions/
Disallow: */epub
Disallow: */pdfft*
Disallow: /science/article/
Disallow: */article/eid/*
Disallow: */science/ereader/
Disallow: */science/fabrication/
Disallow: */pdf*
Disallow: /science/ppv-pdf/
Disallow: /science/ppv-supp/
Disallow: /science/gs/
Disallow: /science/dc/
Disallow: /science/frag/
Disallow: *?np=y
Disallow: /refmodsrp/suggestedTopics/*
Disallow: /related-books/*
Disallow: /search?*
Disallow: /search/api*
Disallow: /search/autosuggest*
Disallow: /sdfe/export/
Disallow: /sdfe/arp/
Disallow: /sdfe/ears/
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/index/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/file/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/aam/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/am4ir/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/reader/pii/*
Disallow: /user/
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/latest?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/articles-in-press?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research?u=
Disallow: /compare
Disallow: /getaccess/*
Disallow: /feature/*
Disallow: /questions-and-answers/*

# --- Baiduspider (Baidu Search) + DuckDuckBot + DuckAssistBot (DuckDuckGo) ---
# Grouped because they share identical rules. DuckAssistBot powers DuckDuckGo's
# AI-assisted answers feature — it is allowed here as a search companion to
# DuckDuckBot, not as a training crawler.
User-agent: Baiduspider
User-agent: DuckDuckBot
User-agent: DuckAssistBot
Disallow: /science?_ob=PublicationURL*
Disallow: /cache/MiamiImageURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ShoppingCartURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=EmailFriendURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/advertisement/
Disallow: /science/relLink/ajaxReq?*
Disallow: /science/gadgets/render/
Disallow: /science/spliss/rslts/
Disallow: /science/preview/
Disallow: /science/mlkt/rslts/
Disallow: /science/referenceResolution/ajaxRefResol?*
Disallow: /science/outlineJson/
Disallow: /science/toc/
Disallow: /science/bktoc/
Disallow: /science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MathURL*
Disallow: /science/page/flash/VideoPlayer*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkIndexURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RSSURL*
Disallow: /science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiMultiMediaURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ReminderURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TitleSrchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchListURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TopicAlertURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkSubjClassURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkTocURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=SuggestedArtURL*
Disallow: /science/downloadActions/
Disallow: */epub
Disallow: */pdfft*
Disallow: */article/eid/*
Disallow: */science/ereader/
Disallow: */science/fabrication/
Disallow: */pdf*
Disallow: /science/ppv-pdf/
Disallow: /science/ppv-supp/
Disallow: /science/gs/
Disallow: /science/dc/
Disallow: /science/frag/
Disallow: *?np=y
Disallow: /refmodsrp/suggestedTopics/*
Disallow: /related-books/*
Disallow: /search?*
Disallow: /search/api*
Disallow: /search/autosuggest*
Disallow: /sdfe/export/
Disallow: /sdfe/arp/
Disallow: /sdfe/ears/
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/index/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/file/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/aam/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/am4ir/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/reader/pii/*
Disallow: /user/
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/latest?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/articles-in-press?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research?u=
Disallow: /compare
Disallow: /getaccess/*
Disallow: /feature/*
Disallow: /questions-and-answers/*

# =============================================================================
# GOOGLE AI OPT-OUT
# =============================================================================

# --- Google AI training ---
User-agent: Google-Extended
Disallow: /

User-agent: Google-CloudVertexBot
Disallow: /

# =============================================================================
# AI TRAINING CRAWLERS
# Bots that crawl for model training datasets. Fully blocked.
# =============================================================================

# --- OpenAI ---
User-agent: GPTBot
Disallow: /

# --- Anthropic ---
User-agent: ClaudeBot
Disallow: /

# DEPRECATED: "anthropic-ai" and "Claude-Web" are legacy Anthropic user agents
# no longer in active use. Kept for safety in case of residual traffic.
User-agent: anthropic-ai
Disallow: /

User-agent: Claude-Web
Disallow: /

# --- Meta ---
# NOTE: Meta-ExternalAgent is Meta's AI training crawler.
# Meta-ExternalFetcher is user-triggered (fetches when a user asks Meta AI a
# question) — it is listed in the AI search / retrieval section below.
# FacebookBot also serves link preview generation — blocking it here will
# prevent rich previews when ScienceDirect links are shared on Facebook/Instagram.
# If social sharing previews are needed, consider moving FacebookBot to its own
# section with selective Allow rules, and keep only Meta-ExternalAgent blocked.
User-agent: Meta-ExternalAgent
Disallow: /

User-agent: FacebookBot
Disallow: /

# --- Common Crawl ---
User-agent: CCBot
Disallow: /

# --- Apple ---
User-agent: Applebot-Extended
Disallow: /

# --- ByteDance ---
User-agent: Bytespider
Disallow: /

# --- Cohere ---
User-agent: cohere-ai
Disallow: /

User-agent: cohere-training-data-crawler
Disallow: /

# --- Amazon ---
User-agent: Amazonbot
Disallow: /

# --- Allen Institute for AI ---
User-agent: AI2Bot
Disallow: /

# --- DeepSeek ---
User-agent: DeepSeekBot
Disallow: /

# --- Huawei (Petal Search) ---
User-agent: PetalBot
Disallow: /

# --- iAsk.ai ---
User-agent: iAskBot/1.0
Disallow: /

# --- You.com ---
User-agent: YouBot
Disallow: /

# --- Diffbot ---
User-agent: Diffbot
Disallow: /

# --- Webz.io (operates both omgili and webzio user agents) ---
User-agent: omgili
Disallow: /

User-agent: omgilibot
Disallow: /

User-agent: webzio
Disallow: /

User-agent: Webzio-Extended
Disallow: /

# --- Timpi ---
User-agent: TimpiBot
Disallow: /

# --- Zhipu AI (ChatGLM) ---
User-agent: ChatGLM-Spider
Disallow: /

# --- img2dataset (open-source bulk image scraper used for AI training datasets) ---
User-agent: img2dataset
Disallow: /

# --- Hive Intelligence (image analysis) ---
User-agent: ImagesiftBot
Disallow: /

# --- FriendlyCrawler (aggressive scraper, known to ignore robots.txt) ---
User-agent: FriendlyCrawler
Disallow: /

# --- QuillBot (text scraping for paraphrasing AI) ---
User-agent: quillbot
Disallow: /

# --- Parallel AI (structured data extraction for AI agents) ---
User-agent: ShapBot
Disallow: /

# =============================================================================
# AI SEARCH / RETRIEVAL CRAWLERS
# Bots that fetch content to generate AI-powered search answers or respond to
# user queries. Currently blocked. To allow AI search citations, change to
# Allow: / — see implementation brief before changing.
# =============================================================================

# --- OpenAI (ChatGPT Search) ---
User-agent: OAI-SearchBot
Disallow: /

# --- OpenAI (user-initiated fetches — may not fully honour robots.txt) ---
User-agent: ChatGPT-User
Disallow: /

# --- Anthropic (search indexing) ---
User-agent: Claude-SearchBot
Disallow: /

# --- Anthropic (user-initiated fetches) ---
User-agent: Claude-User
Disallow: /

# --- Anthropic (Claude Code CLI) ---
User-agent: claude-code
Disallow: /

# --- Mistral AI (user-initiated fetches) ---
User-agent: MistralAI-User
Disallow: /

# --- Perplexity (indexing) ---
User-agent: PerplexityBot
Disallow: /

# --- Perplexity (user-initiated fetches) ---
User-agent: Perplexity-User
Disallow: /

# --- Meta (user-initiated fetches — fetches when a user asks Meta AI a question) ---
User-agent: Meta-ExternalFetcher
Disallow: /

# --- Google (Project Mariner — user-triggered AI agent) ---
User-agent: Google-Agent
Disallow: /

# --- Google (NotebookLM — fetches URLs when users add them to a notebook) ---
User-agent: Google-NotebookLM
Disallow: /

# =============================================================================
# INTERNAL / SEO TOOLS
# =============================================================================

User-agent: Google-InspectionTool
Allow: /

# Semrush Site Audit crawler
User-agent: SiteAuditBot
Allow: /

# =============================================================================
# SITEMAPS
# =============================================================================

Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/sitemap-topics.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/handbook/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/browse/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/author/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-1.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-2.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-3.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-4.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-5.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-6.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-7.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-8.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-9.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-10.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-11.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-12.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-13.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-14.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-15.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-16.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-17.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-18.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-19.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-20.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-21.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/journal/sitemap-0.xml


# --- Last updated: June 2026 ---

User-agent: *
Disallow: /

# =============================================================================
# SEARCH ENGINE CRAWLERS
# =============================================================================

# --- Googlebot (Google Search) ---
User-agent: Googlebot
Disallow: /cache/MiamiImageURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ShoppingCartURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=EmailFriendURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/advertisement/
Disallow: /science/relLink/ajaxReq?*
Disallow: /science/gadgets/render/
Disallow: /science/spliss/rslts/
Disallow: /science/preview/
Disallow: /science/mlkt/rslts/
Disallow: /science/referenceResolution/ajaxRefResol?*
Disallow: /science/outlineJson/
Disallow: /science/toc/
Disallow: /science/bktoc/
Disallow: /science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MathURL*
Disallow: /science/page/flash/VideoPlayer*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkIndexURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RSSURL*
Disallow: /science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiMultiMediaURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ReminderURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TitleSrchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchListURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TopicAlertURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkSubjClassURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkTocURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=SuggestedArtURL*
Disallow: /science/downloadActions/
Disallow: */epub
Disallow: */pdfft*
Disallow: */article/eid/*
Disallow: */science/ereader/
Disallow: */science/fabrication/
Disallow: /science/ppv-pdf/
Disallow: /science/ppv-supp/
Disallow: /science/gs/
Disallow: /science/dc/
Disallow: /science/frag/
Disallow: *?np=y
Disallow: /refmodsrp/suggestedTopics/*
Disallow: /related-books/*
Disallow: /search?*
Disallow: /search/api*
Disallow: /search/autosuggest*
Disallow: /sdfe/export/
Disallow: /sdfe/arp/
Disallow: /sdfe/ears/
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/index/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/file/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/aam/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/am4ir/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/reader/pii/*
Disallow: /user/
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/latest?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/articles-in-press?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research?u=
Disallow: /compare
Disallow: /getaccess/*
Disallow: /feature/*
Disallow: /questions-and-answers/*

# --- Googlebot-IA (Google Scholar) + bingbot (Bing Search) ---
# Grouped because they share identical rules; Googlebot-IA is Google Scholar's
# academic crawler, bingbot is Microsoft Bing's general search crawler.
User-agent: Googlebot-IA
User-agent: bingbot
Disallow: /cache/MiamiImageURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ShoppingCartURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=EmailFriendURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/advertisement/
Disallow: /science/relLink/ajaxReq?*
Disallow: /science/gadgets/render/
Disallow: /science/spliss/rslts/
Disallow: /science/preview/
Disallow: /science/mlkt/rslts/
Disallow: /science/referenceResolution/ajaxRefResol?*
Disallow: /science/outlineJson/
Disallow: /science/toc/
Disallow: /science/bktoc/
Disallow: /science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MathURL*
Disallow: /science/page/flash/VideoPlayer*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkIndexURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RSSURL*
Disallow: /science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiMultiMediaURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ReminderURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TitleSrchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchListURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TopicAlertURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkSubjClassURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkTocURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=SuggestedArtURL*
Disallow: /science/downloadActions/
Disallow: */epub
Disallow: */pdfft*
Disallow: */article/eid/*
Disallow: */science/ereader/
Disallow: */science/fabrication/
Disallow: */pdf*
Disallow: /science/ppv-pdf/
Disallow: /science/ppv-supp/
Disallow: /science/gs/
Disallow: /science/dc/
Disallow: /science/frag/
Disallow: *?np=y
Disallow: /refmodsrp/suggestedTopics/*
Disallow: /related-books/*
Disallow: /search?*
Disallow: /search/api*
Disallow: /search/autosuggest*
Disallow: /sdfe/export/
Disallow: /sdfe/arp/
Disallow: /sdfe/ears/
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/index/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/file/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/aam/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/am4ir/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/reader/pii/*
Disallow: /user/
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/latest?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/articles-in-press?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research?u=
Disallow: /compare
Disallow: /getaccess/*
Disallow: /feature/*
Disallow: /questions-and-answers/*

# --- Slurp (Yahoo Search — largely inactive, Yahoo now uses Bing's index) ---
User-agent: Slurp
Disallow: /cache/MiamiImageURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ShoppingCartURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=EmailFriendURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/advertisement/
Disallow: /science/relLink/ajaxReq?*
Disallow: /science/gadgets/render/
Disallow: /science/spliss/rslts/
Disallow: /science/preview/
Disallow: /science/mlkt/rslts/
Disallow: /science/referenceResolution/ajaxRefResol?*
Disallow: /science/outlineJson/
Disallow: /science/toc/
Disallow: /science/bktoc/
Disallow: /science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MathURL*
Disallow: /science/page/flash/VideoPlayer*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkIndexURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RSSURL*
Disallow: /science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiMultiMediaURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ReminderURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TitleSrchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchListURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TopicAlertURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkSubjClassURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkTocURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=SuggestedArtURL*
Disallow: /science/downloadActions/
Disallow: */epub
Disallow: */pdfft*
Disallow: /science/article/
Disallow: */article/eid/*
Disallow: */science/ereader/
Disallow: */science/fabrication/
Disallow: */pdf*
Disallow: /science/ppv-pdf/
Disallow: /science/ppv-supp/
Disallow: /science/gs/
Disallow: /science/dc/
Disallow: /science/frag/
Disallow: *?np=y
Disallow: /refmodsrp/suggestedTopics/*
Disallow: /related-books/*
Disallow: /search?*
Disallow: /search/api*
Disallow: /search/autosuggest*
Disallow: /sdfe/export/
Disallow: /sdfe/arp/
Disallow: /sdfe/ears/
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/index/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/file/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/aam/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/am4ir/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/reader/pii/*
Disallow: /user/
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/latest?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/articles-in-press?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research?u=
Disallow: /compare
Disallow: /getaccess/*
Disallow: /feature/*
Disallow: /questions-and-answers/*

# --- Baiduspider (Baidu Search) + DuckDuckBot + DuckAssistBot (DuckDuckGo) ---
# Grouped because they share identical rules. DuckAssistBot powers DuckDuckGo's
# AI-assisted answers feature — it is allowed here as a search companion to
# DuckDuckBot, not as a training crawler.
User-agent: Baiduspider
User-agent: DuckDuckBot
User-agent: DuckAssistBot
Disallow: /science?_ob=PublicationURL*
Disallow: /cache/MiamiImageURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ShoppingCartURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=EmailFriendURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiImageURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=GatewayURL*
Disallow: /science/advertisement/
Disallow: /science/relLink/ajaxReq?*
Disallow: /science/gadgets/render/
Disallow: /science/spliss/rslts/
Disallow: /science/preview/
Disallow: /science/mlkt/rslts/
Disallow: /science/referenceResolution/ajaxRefResol?*
Disallow: /science/outlineJson/
Disallow: /science/toc/
Disallow: /science/bktoc/
Disallow: /science?_ob=PdfExcerptURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=MathURL*
Disallow: /science/page/flash/VideoPlayer*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkIndexURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RSSURL*
Disallow: /science/MiamiMultiMediaURL/
Disallow: /science?_ob=MiamiMultiMediaURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=ReminderURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TitleSrchURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=QuickSearchListURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=TopicAlertURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkSubjClassURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=RefWorkTocURL*
Disallow: /science?_ob=SuggestedArtURL*
Disallow: /science/downloadActions/
Disallow: */epub
Disallow: */pdfft*
Disallow: */article/eid/*
Disallow: */science/ereader/
Disallow: */science/fabrication/
Disallow: */pdf*
Disallow: /science/ppv-pdf/
Disallow: /science/ppv-supp/
Disallow: /science/gs/
Disallow: /science/dc/
Disallow: /science/frag/
Disallow: *?np=y
Disallow: /refmodsrp/suggestedTopics/*
Disallow: /related-books/*
Disallow: /search?*
Disallow: /search/api*
Disallow: /search/autosuggest*
Disallow: /sdfe/export/
Disallow: /sdfe/arp/
Disallow: /sdfe/ears/
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/index/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/file/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/aam/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/pdf/download/read/am4ir/noindex/pii/*
Disallow: /sdfe/reader/pii/*
Disallow: /user/
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/latest?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research/articles-in-press?u=
Disallow: /journal/neuroscience-research?u=
Disallow: /compare
Disallow: /getaccess/*
Disallow: /feature/*
Disallow: /questions-and-answers/*

# =============================================================================
# GOOGLE AI OPT-OUT
# =============================================================================

# --- Google AI training ---
User-agent: Google-Extended
Disallow: /

User-agent: Google-CloudVertexBot
Disallow: /

# =============================================================================
# AI TRAINING CRAWLERS
# Bots that crawl for model training datasets. Fully blocked.
# =============================================================================

# --- OpenAI ---
User-agent: GPTBot
Disallow: /

# --- Anthropic ---
User-agent: ClaudeBot
Disallow: /

# DEPRECATED: "anthropic-ai" and "Claude-Web" are legacy Anthropic user agents
# no longer in active use. Kept for safety in case of residual traffic.
User-agent: anthropic-ai
Disallow: /

User-agent: Claude-Web
Disallow: /

# --- Meta ---
# NOTE: Meta-ExternalAgent is Meta's AI training crawler.
# Meta-ExternalFetcher is user-triggered (fetches when a user asks Meta AI a
# question) — it is listed in the AI search / retrieval section below.
# FacebookBot also serves link preview generation — blocking it here will
# prevent rich previews when ScienceDirect links are shared on Facebook/Instagram.
# If social sharing previews are needed, consider moving FacebookBot to its own
# section with selective Allow rules, and keep only Meta-ExternalAgent blocked.
User-agent: Meta-ExternalAgent
Disallow: /

User-agent: FacebookBot
Disallow: /

# --- Common Crawl ---
User-agent: CCBot
Disallow: /

# --- Apple ---
User-agent: Applebot-Extended
Disallow: /

# --- ByteDance ---
User-agent: Bytespider
Disallow: /

# --- Cohere ---
User-agent: cohere-ai
Disallow: /

User-agent: cohere-training-data-crawler
Disallow: /

# --- Amazon ---
User-agent: Amazonbot
Disallow: /

# --- Allen Institute for AI ---
User-agent: AI2Bot
Disallow: /

# --- DeepSeek ---
User-agent: DeepSeekBot
Disallow: /

# --- Huawei (Petal Search) ---
User-agent: PetalBot
Disallow: /

# --- iAsk.ai ---
User-agent: iAskBot/1.0
Disallow: /

# --- You.com ---
User-agent: YouBot
Disallow: /

# --- Diffbot ---
User-agent: Diffbot
Disallow: /

# --- Webz.io (operates both omgili and webzio user agents) ---
User-agent: omgili
Disallow: /

User-agent: omgilibot
Disallow: /

User-agent: webzio
Disallow: /

User-agent: Webzio-Extended
Disallow: /

# --- Timpi ---
User-agent: TimpiBot
Disallow: /

# --- Zhipu AI (ChatGLM) ---
User-agent: ChatGLM-Spider
Disallow: /

# --- img2dataset (open-source bulk image scraper used for AI training datasets) ---
User-agent: img2dataset
Disallow: /

# --- Hive Intelligence (image analysis) ---
User-agent: ImagesiftBot
Disallow: /

# --- FriendlyCrawler (aggressive scraper, known to ignore robots.txt) ---
User-agent: FriendlyCrawler
Disallow: /

# --- QuillBot (text scraping for paraphrasing AI) ---
User-agent: quillbot
Disallow: /

# --- Parallel AI (structured data extraction for AI agents) ---
User-agent: ShapBot
Disallow: /

# =============================================================================
# AI SEARCH / RETRIEVAL CRAWLERS
# Bots that fetch content to generate AI-powered search answers or respond to
# user queries. OAI-SearchBot and Claude-SearchBot are explicitly allowed
# to enable AI search citations. All others remain blocked pending review.
# =============================================================================

# --- OpenAI (ChatGPT Search) ---
User-agent: OAI-SearchBot
Allow: /

# --- OpenAI (user-initiated fetches — may not fully honour robots.txt) ---
User-agent: ChatGPT-User
Disallow: /

# --- Anthropic (search indexing) ---
User-agent: Claude-SearchBot
Allow: /

# --- Anthropic (user-initiated fetches) ---
User-agent: Claude-User
Disallow: /

# --- Anthropic (Claude Code CLI) ---
User-agent: claude-code
Disallow: /

# --- Mistral AI (user-initiated fetches) ---
User-agent: MistralAI-User
Disallow: /

# --- Perplexity (indexing) ---
User-agent: PerplexityBot
Disallow: /

# --- Perplexity (user-initiated fetches) ---
User-agent: Perplexity-User
Disallow: /

# --- Meta (user-initiated fetches — fetches when a user asks Meta AI a question) ---
User-agent: Meta-ExternalFetcher
Disallow: /

# --- Google (Project Mariner — user-triggered AI agent) ---
User-agent: Google-Agent
Disallow: /

# --- Google (NotebookLM — fetches URLs when users add them to a notebook) ---
User-agent: Google-NotebookLM
Disallow: /

# =============================================================================
# INTERNAL / SEO TOOLS
# =============================================================================

User-agent: Google-InspectionTool
Allow: /

# Semrush Site Audit crawler
User-agent: SiteAuditBot
Allow: /

# =============================================================================
# SITEMAPS
# =============================================================================

Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/sitemap-topics.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/bookseries/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/handbook/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/referencework/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/browse/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/author/sitemap.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-0.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-1.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-2.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-3.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-4.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-5.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-6.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-7.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-8.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-9.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-10.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-11.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-12.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-13.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-14.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-15.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-16.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-17.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-18.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-19.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-20.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/sitemap-21.xml
Sitemap: https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/journal/sitemap-0.xml